The genetic manipulation of organisms has revolutionized medicine and animal health, bringing numerous benefits, particularly in the development of vaccines. However, this scientific advance is not without its risks, especially when its application is not carefully controlled. African Swine Fever (ASF), caused by the ASFV virus, is a highly contagious and lethal disease that affects pigs, causing huge economic losses to the global livestock industry.

Recently, a study published in the journal Nature revealed the detection of highly lethal recombinant ASFV viruses in pigs, resulting from the possible recombination between attenuated GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) vaccines and wild viruses. This genetic recombination raises serious concerns about the safety of live attenuated vaccines in use, as it can give rise to virulent variants that are difficult to control.

In 2021, these recombinant strains were reported in China, in several provinces such as Henan and Inner Mongolia, indicating that the emergence of these strains is not an isolated phenomenon, but a global challenge.

The development of effective vaccines to combat ASF is crucial, but their large-scale implementation presents considerable challenges, both in terms of safety and efficacy. Recent studies show the emergence of recombinant strains combining genotypes I and II of the virus, capable of causing severe forms of the disease even in previously vaccinated pigs.

In addition to these challenges, biosafety becomes an essential component in the research, production and application of these vaccines, ensuring that all processes are carried out rigorously and that the risks of recombination are minimized. Constant monitoring of outbreaks and international collaboration are key to mitigating the associated dangers and ensuring that biotechnological solutions offer safe and sustainable benefits.

A thorough understanding of the dynamics of the virus, coupled with investment in research to develop safer vaccines, is vital for the effective control of ASF. This case highlights the need for continued vigilance and global cooperation to address emerging challenges in biosecurity and animal health.